Saturday, August 31, 2019

Anthropology

ANTH100 Assignment 1 Heather Hartwig American Military University October 21, 2012 Assignment 1 1) Discuss what evolution is in terms of physical anthropology. Evolution refers to â€Å"change over time†. In terms of physical anthropology, evolution is changes over time in living organisms. This means that living things have passed their traits from one generation to the next. There are very little changes that occur with each generation, but over time these changes accumulate in each living organism.It is believed that all life on Earth has common ancestry that lived more than 3. 5 billions of years ago (Park, 2008). 2) Define evolution. Evolution is defined as the idea or scientific theory that was proposed by Charles Darwin. Darwin believed that all species changed and evolved by natural selection from the same common ancestors. Evolution simply means that a species undergoes genetic change over time. Over many generations a species can evolve into something different. Thes e changes take place because of changes in DNA, which originated as mutations.Not all species evolve at the same rate. The theory of evolution does not prove that species will constantly evolve or how fast the species will change when it does (Park, 2008). 3) Discuss what a physical anthropologist may examine/investigate in order to study evolution. Paleoanthropology is a branch of paleontology that falls under physical anthropology. Paleoanthropologists study extinct primates and fossils. They use these examinations to further investigate the evolution of humans.They examine ancient humans, like the anthropoids. Anthropoids are considered humans closest relative and have been linked to human evolution (Coyne, 2009). 4) Discuss ‘how’ a physical anthropologist would study your answer for Q3 and why it is helpful for studying evolution. Paleoanthropologists are able to study evolution by examining fossils and ancient humans. They do this by investigating the fossil record and continue to make additions all the time. The first identifiable multicellular organism formed about 585 million years ago.The earliest fossil of the primate can go back before the extinction of the dinosaur over 65 million years ago. Bones and teeth were discovered in Montana and Wyoming (Park, 2008). Even though there was primate like evidence before the dinosaur extinction, (Shipman, 2012). 5) Find at least one outside source related to your answer for Q3 and Q4 (e. g. the genome project for DNA- do not use this example in your paper since it is provided for you). My outside source for questions 3 and 4 is a journal by Pat Shipman titled Fossils.This journal was published in The New Scientist Vol. 215, Issue 2876, p. 8-16. 6) Briefly describe the source and how is it helpful for examining/investigating evolution. It is a journal that discusses fossils of early life and evolution. It gives facts and information pertaining to the timelines, type and the formation of fossils. 7) Choose a second subfield of anthropology – cultural, linguistic, or archaeology. I chose Archaeology as my second subfield of anthropology. 8) Discuss how an anthropologist in this subfield would study evolution.Park defines archaeology as a subfield of anthropology that studies the past culture of humans and reconstructs the past cultural systems that existed. He goes on to say that they study cultures and people that are no longer living (Park, 2008). Archaeology reconstructs past cultural systems. Archaeology began as a method of identifying places and objects that were already known from historical records. It has become a very resourceful means of discovering new information not only about the historical period but also about years beyond the reach of written investigational facts.The purpose of archaeology is not only to recover ancient artifacts but to identify the relationship that these objects may have had with early human life. It also shows how early human primat es and modern humans are closely related. 9) Discuss what an anthropologist from your chosen subfield may examine/investigate in order to study evolution. Archaeologists have investigated fossils and remains of early humans and primates to show how human posture has changed over the years.The information that has been collected shows us a timeline of how much we have evolved since the discovery of the earliest human remains (Park, 2008). 10) Discuss ‘how’ an anthropologist from your chosen subfield would study your answer for Q9, and why it is helpful for studying evolution. Archaeologists have reconstructed human and primate remains that they have discovered to show how closely we are related to each other. They have used the information that they discovered to prove that humans have evolved from and can be compared to the primate species.Compared to earlier species, modern humans have evolved into a more upright species. Early humans were found to have a more curved p osture (Palmer, 2010). The archaeological information that is recorded proves that there is another explanation for our species other than what is believed by many. The Bible teaches that we were created by God. However, archaeologists make a strong case that contradicts what the Bible teaches. 11) Find at least one outside source related to your answer for Q9 and Q10. My source for questions 9 and 10 is Origins Human Evolution Revealed by Douglas Palmer. 2) Briefly describe the source and how is it helpful for examining/investigating evolutionThis book goes into detail on the story of the origins of the human species. It goes into detail about the journey of apes and humans. It compares and contrasts the differences as well as the similarities between early human species and the modern human species. 13) Discuss how the study of evolution between physical anthropology and your chosen subfield compare and contrast. Paleoanthropology and archaeology go hand in hand, because they both study fossils, extinct primates and the remains of early humans.They generally work together when investigating a site where artifacts have been discovered. The team work and information that is provided between paleoanthropology and archaeology gives us a better understanding of how humans have evolved into the modern species that we are today. 14) Conclude by discussing one new piece of information you learned about evolution. The one piece of information that I have learned about evolution is that I cannot solely base my understanding of how the human species became based off of my beliefs from the Bible.I understand now that scientific research has given factual information on how humans can and have evolved from ancient remains of primates and early humans. I will maintain that I believe that God did create us to an extent. However, I think that his creations have continued to evolve into the species that are here on earth today.References Palmer, Douglas. 2010. Origins human evolution revealed. Octopus Books, USA. New York, NY. Park, Michael A. 2008. Introducing anthropology an integrated approach. Fourth edition. McGraw-Hill. New York, NY. Shipman, Pat. 2012. Fossils. The new scientist. Vol. 215, Issue 2876, p. 8-16. Anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humans as social organisms and how they interact with each other in a social gathering or community set up. It entails the study of humans past, present and evolution of the cultural, physical stature, linguistic traits and archaeology. An anthropologist interest lies in comprehending human diversity and way of life in an explicit manner. The four main branches of anthropology which include biological, cultural, archaeology and linguistic clearly elaborate what it entails to be human (Lavenda-2013). Biological anthropology talks of how the evolution of humans is genetically influenced and not enhanced by the surroundings. Cultural anthropology is centered on the study of structural system of individuals sharing a common belief or norm. Linguistic anthropology majorly revolves round the psychology of speech, structure and function in humans. Lastly, archaeology is based on the systematic revealing of fossils through excavation, dating the fossils to determine the period of usage and analysis. Anthropology mainly seeks to familiarize the unfamiliar with proven facts and provide knowledge that deciphers facts from fiction.Cultural anthropology is a very enticing concept of anthropology because it does not only enable one to accept and appreciate cultural diversity but also develop globally conscious individuals. As mentioned earlier, this aspect of anthropology explicitly studies human cultures, belief, daily routine, values, ideas, technical economies and domains of social and cognitive organization (Lavenda-2010). There are two means by which an anthropologist can study culture due to its abstract nature; empiricist approach, whereby he mainly relies on observation of the human behavior in a particular community set-up and subjective approach in which the researcher understands the structure of ideas and meanings that exist in a member a certain culture. The primitive perception that I personally had about humanity has been scraped off as a result of the in-depth study of cultural anthropology. Individuals and communities were initially characterized by their social, economical and political factors within their localities. Evolutionism has showed a conceptual comprise due to the easy interaction of individuals as a result of the modern evolution of technology that has made every corner of the world accessible to any person. The level of interactions between individuals from a similar ecology niche has almost become non-existence due to the replacement with television programs, movies and social electronic devices. Despite this, the social interaction circle has grown larger as a result of technology which enables an individual interact with more people different from parts of the world over a short period of time. This study has personally helped me get over the notion that Muslims are associated with terrorism. I initially felt fear when I was in an environment filled with Muslims; well, not Muslims alone but any individual wearing a veil. This mostly applied to Muslim women that wear the veils covering up their faces, leaving out the eyes. I can attribute this fear from to the society I grew in; I was used to my Christian community before I came to campus. The laws and beliefs we had were so strict that we feared other dominions, this seclusion was driven into us by the clergy; to make us believe that people that had different beliefs and practices were potential risks and could harm us at any time. The primitive notion that was instilled in me always had a bearing to this question; if they are good people, why do they find it relevant to cover their faces that much? The definite answer was that they had something to hide; not only secrets but sinister motives. Religious profiling and the threats that came to our country and get aired on national television also cultivated the fear in me. It would have never reached this point if my parents would not have been reacting to the issue with so much disgust as they used to do. My elementary and high school environments were more or less the same because all my schooling up to university level were based in the same strictly Christian district. There were some primitive practices we used to do that I now see them to have been very hurting if not shameful to the face of evolution and humanity at large; there was no shaking of hands or exchanging pleasantries with non-Christians, no accepting gifts from them and worst still, avoid all conversations. I can't imagine that I would literally snob them! I must admit that I had a tough time adjusting to the campus environment. I was always tensed in my first semesters when a non Christian would sit next t me. I remember a particular case when I came to a lecture late and found all seats occupied except one; next to Sikh, I literally missed that 2 hour lecture and had to struggle with my continuous assessment test. It is during that course that I made a turning point and my point was later boosted when I got to learn about anthropology. The struggle I had in my first continuous assessment test was the same one I had in the second. Ironically, the Sikh boy who I was evading was the same one that noticed my problem and came to help. At first I was adamant but with lack of options I thought; why not give it a try. I must admit that that is the sweetest memory I hold dear and use it to enlighten my rural folk later on. With that act of compassion I learnt that religion does or dress code does not define someone's character. Study of anthropology has helped know the value that I hold about my culture and the justifications I give to the are the same ones that any other person would give in support to their religion and culture. It also taught me that judging or profiling others because f ethnicity and background is a heinous notion; if everyone was to discriminate then the world would be an unbearable place to stay. All we could be witnessing are endless fights and ultimate wars. Cultural anthropology thus, aims at enabling the native of a particular culture objectively and rationally understands their own culture to deduce what makes them stand out from the other cultural groups hence upholding the aspect of self acceptance. Besides, it enables one apply the knowledge gained from familiarizing with different cultures to alleviate human challenges and misconceptions rather than causing ethnic conflicts. The collective study of different cultures enables scholars to identify the similarities and unique aspect of various cultures, hence embracing diversity.References:Robert H LavendaCore concept in cultural anthropologyRobert H LavendaAnthropology: What does it mean to be human? Anthropology â€Å"From ruttier to rummies: A Contribution toward the Ethnography of Peeling. † In Cultural Anthropology: A Sampler. Up. :19-22. 2. Elliot Rolling objectives for the article were to observe male urinating behaviors In public restrooms. I believe he did meet his objectives because he was able to observe them Pee. 3. As stated before, the method that Rings used to research his topic was to observe males urinate. I feel Like watching people pee could make people uncomfortable, mad, or actually elate their privacy.Although, the only way to actually understand the culture behind males urinating is to actually observe their behaviors so I think that his method was inappropriate but necessary. 4. The author's findings started off not in the bathroom, but actually led up to why a male goes into the bathroom. While in a social group, one must withdraw themselves from the group by some sort of excuse or statement like saying, â€Å"l have to go to the bathroom. † He further di scusses that bathrooms could also be used as a social setting.For example, in high school hanging UT in the hall ways was not allowed, yet if students met up in the bathrooms, they could hangout and talk without the disturbance of a teacher. Going on, he discovers that â€Å"peeing is the activity primarily intended by†¦ Males†. He discovers that men prefer to have there own personal space of one urinal to the left and right. This becomes violated when one another know each other. Another key fact that Rings realizes is that during the act of peeing, one must look forward and keep they're eyes to themselves.If one was to look at another man, this might â€Å"invite the suspicion of nonsexual interest. † Also, he notices the â€Å"shaking of the penis† to get the last drops out, even though no matter how much shaking you do, when you finish up and walk out the bathroom, the last drops of pee come out and onto your pants. He concludes that Americans value thr ee things: privacy, masculinity, and cool. And infers that â€Å"elimination patters are intimately linked with a cultures system of values. † 5. I think that the significance of the work is trying to understand how people learn the etiquette of using the bathroom without formally being taught.In class we learned bout ethnography, which is the description of a culture through an observer. In the article, a man was observing males Pee. 6. I evaluate this work as an Interesting topic because many people would not think twice about the fact that there was so much that went Into public etiquette. If I were conducting this experiment I would have test subject stand at certain urinals and see which urinals random strangers would consistently use to get better and accurate Information. Anthropology By agrarian 2 October 2013 1. Orrin Elliot 1975 â€Å"From Ruttier to Rummies: A Contribution toward the Ethnography of Peeing.In Cultural Anthropology: A Sampler. Up. Elliot Rings objec tives for the article were to observe male urinating behaviors in public restrooms. I believe he did feel like watching people pee could make people uncomfortable, mad, or actually realizes is that during the act of peeing, one must look forward and keep they're eyes article, a man was observing males Pee. 6. I evaluate this work as an interesting topic that went into public etiquette. If I were conducting this experiment I would have test consistently use to get better and accurate information.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Computer technology arises for better improvement Essay

Throughout the year of existence, the item has come for its enhancement because computer technology arises for better improvement especially in information technology, which focuses mainly on business sectors. The library is a place where books, journals, microfilms, multimedia, audio & visual materials and computer data & terminals are kept and organized to support the cultural, informational, recreational, and educational needs of the general public or specific groups of users. Recent advances in computer and communication technologies have transformed the contemporary library; it is not only a repository but now also an active member in a vast network of libraries and databanks through which users have access to a worldwide store of recorded knowledge. Since the 70s, the acquisition of library catalogs is done electronically. The development of computer technology in the last few years has provided the necessary preconditions to administrate an ever growing amount of information electronically. Prompted by the success of the World Wide Web, many providers are beginning to open their databases to external users. This gives users the possibility to search in a database and exchange data directly via the Internet. The world is experiencing an unprecedented advancement in technology this year. Everyone believes that the library needs an improvement; an improvement that would make it a high-security and an easy access of books that would help not only the librarian but also those who use the library for their research. Through this occurrence, the proponents decided to design a library system for San Roque Catholic School. With the help of data that has been gathered, they give emphasis to the benefits that the system can give and also gathered some ideas for the planned actions for the development of the system. This chapter will discuss the objective of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope & delimitation and the definition of terms. Objective of the Study This study aims to know the following: To know how often the students go to the library. To know the awareness of the students with regards to the manual library system of SRCS To know how attentive are the library personnel specially in rendering their service To know how many classifications of books they have in their library To know how visible these books to the users Statement of the Problem The general problem is to provide a computerized procedure of borrowing and returning of books. Specially, the study aims to answer the following questions: 1. How often do the students go the library? 2. Are the students aware of the manual system of transaction in the SRCS Library? 3. Are the shelves in the library open to everyone? 4. Does the students need to ask permission from the library management to acquire a book? 5. Are the library personnel always attentive to anyone who wants to use the library? 6. Does the students notice the that the books on the shelves are effectively arrange according to the ff: 6. 1 Classification (Ex. Filipiniana, Arts & Science, etc)? 6. 1. 1 Textbook 6. 1. 2 Workbook Assumption Specific Problem: How proficient are the process used by librarian? Implicit Assumption: There are certain procedures to make the transactions of borrowing or returning the books. Specific Problem: How sufficient are the information that a librarian should acquire prior to borrowing and returning of books? Implicit assumption: There are certain required informations that a librarian should acquire in the students. Hypothesis Question: Is there any significant difference between the effectiveness method in manual and computerized library system? Operational Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the effectiveness method in manual and computerized library system, in terms of allotted time and accuracy throughout the process. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness method in manual and computerized library system, in terms of procedures Significance of the Study In the age of advance technology, it is important for every business establishment, no matter how small, to acquire a system that would make its work faster and more efficient. This will save time and effort on the part of the beneficiary. Computer technology is quickly spreading due to the demands of the people. The significance of this study is to develop software that will make the library a high-security and easy access. This application system will improve and enhance the library that will attract the user to come more often to the library. Educational Significance The purpose of this study is to attract the students and other users to use the library more often for studying or learning due to the high-technological system the library had. Economic Significance The library will cost less for the expenses that are monthly paid to maintain the system. Some supplies will be added and some will be disregarded. Implementing the proposed system will depreciate the expenses, which is shown. Librarian and Staff. The significance of this study to the librarian an staff is that it will lessen their effort and conserve time in searching books and give an accurate report with regards to the books and borrowers information. Conceptual Framework In this study the proponents will follow all the basic steps in building a system using resourceful references such as books, related studies, browsing the internet, and other tools that are related to the study. They will gather data through interviews and questionnaire with regards to the existing system of San Roque Catholic School. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT. Scope and Delimitation The proposed system is an application system using borrowers’ code. It will give more efficient way of finding references needed by the users. It includes the entire books in the library. The proposed system will show all needed information regarding the book and the borrower. It is not a LAN-based system. It will not detect if the book is damaged or if one page of it was torn. The proposed system will not show the autobiography of the author and the contents of the books thoroughly. Definition of Terms Acronyms CFD. Context Flow Diagram DFD. Data Flow Diagram JPEG. Joint Photographic Experts Group LAN. Local Area Network SDLC. System Development Life Cycle SRCS. San Roque Catholic School VB6. Visual Basic 6 Non-Technical Accession Number. It is a code that represents the number of books or materials in the connection within the library. Author. It is a person who brings something into existence; the written of the book, article, etc. Borrower’s Card. It is a card that is used in borrowing and returning of library materials. Call Number. It is composed of letters, figures and symbols separate or in combination assigned to a book to indicate its location on the shelves. It usually consists of class number and book number. It appears on the spine of a book and on the upper left corner of a catalog card. Lend. It is to place in the temporary possession of another (for his use, enjoyment, etc. ) with the expectation of resuming possession later. To loan, to let out (books or materials) for fee. Library. It is a room or building, housing a collection of books, usually arrange according to some plan. Librarian. It is a person in-charge of a library. Penalty. Amount given by the borrower if the book is overdue. Transaction. It is something transacted, a bus deal. Technical Terms Computer. Is a machine that can follow instructions to alter data in desirable way and to perform at least some operations without human intervention. Context Diagram. It shows the entire system as one general element. Data. Is factual information such as text, numbers, sound, and images, in a form that can be processed by a computer. Database. Is a collection of related information about a subject organized in a useful that provides a foundation for procedures such as retrieving information, drawing conclusions and making decisions. Data Flow Diagram. It is a graphic illustration that shows the flow of data and logic within a system. Data Processing. It means a rapid conversion of large quantities of information from the unorganized form in which it is collected into a form that can be stored on magnetic tapes or disks and analyzed by computers and other devices. Maintenance. Enhancing or upgrading your system. Password. A code for security of the database and files. Record. It contains all information that the database is tracking. Chapter II Review of Related Literatures and Studies. The proponents reviewed several related studies and literature. This was done to clarify different ideas from other studies and literature. Relevant ideas of some students who developed some software were also reviewed. Related Literature The proponents understand that the program to be made without intellectual development could crash and might not be attracted to the uses and beneficiaries. The communication between the target user and the programmer should be clear, and sharp. According to Lisa C. Stater and Steven E. Arnott stated on their â€Å"Using Visual Basic v6. 0: For Windows (1992)† noted that: â€Å"The traditional boundary between an end-user and a programmer became difficult to maintain, because beginners could generate useful applications without writing any lines of program code and experts became more productive by using same techniques to develop extensive systems†. (p2) Many business companies use computers in order to solve their problems, to lessen their tasks, and minimize the time involved. They also use computers to store a large amount or quantity of data to reach their target goal. This is what C. J. Date (1990) wrote in his book entitled â€Å"An Introduction to Database System,† stated that: â€Å"A database system is basically a computerized record keeping system. It is a computerized system whose overall purpose is to maintain information and make that information available on demand. † (p5) All business activities fall under the principle governing Database Management System (DBMS). But in order to make your work easier, you must know how to design a database. According to Gregg Perry (1991) in his book â€Å"Visual Basic 6. 0 Teach Yourself in 21 Days†: â€Å"Database design is the process of creating database structures from user requirements for data. The resulting design must satisfy the user requirements in terms of completeness, integrity, and performance, among other factors. Database design is a complex and demanding process that requires the commitment and participation of the entire organization. † (p54) But it is more complicated to study a programming language, especially when creating programs for database. That is why more programmers use Visual Basic, which is easier to learn and understand. Walnum Clayton in his book, â€Å"Visual Basic 6 Master Reference, 1999† stated that: â€Å"Visual Basic may be the most used programming language in the world. The reason for its success is obvious. Visual Basic makes Windows programming so easy that just about anyone can sit down and create a simple program within a few hours. † (Preface) N V Brahmaji Rao on his article â€Å"An Experimental Digital Library System for Electronic Thesis and Reports, Roll Number: 9411123, August, 1999† stated that: â€Å"Digital Library System is an information system in which all the information is stored in digital form. The artifacts in a Digital Library System are visualized as â€Å"Digital Objects† stored as electronic â€Å"files† in a Hard Disk, CD-ROM etc. Each one of these files may be in different format like plain text, HTML text, GIF Image, TIFF Image, JPEG, MPEG, PostScript, PDF and so on. The underlying Digital Library System provides users with interfaces to access information like a Research Paper, A Thesis, a book, a song, a picture available in the Digital Library. To facilitate efficient and effective use of Digital Library Resources, the System provides several â€Å"services† like `Search on bibliographic data or on Full- text’, `Show the information contained in a Paper’, `Submission of a Thesis in Electronic Form’, `Indexing service’, `Replication service’ and so on. Digital Library Systems are very much like Public Library Information Systems, in providing the services in an Open way to everyone except in the means and methods followed. The Digital Libraries have a global scope and the user can be anywhere in the world. Digital Library Systems are very complex and throws up many issues: Academic, Technical, Cultural, Legal and even political. † (url: http://www. cse. iitk. ac. in/research/mtech1994/9411123. html) Related Studies Foreign Study. In the study conducted by Ron entitled â€Å"A Computerized Cataloging System for an Outdoor Program Library or Resource Center,† this paper explores a computerized system of cataloging materials for small to medium sized outdoor recreation resource centers. Free to non-profit organizations, the software described in the paper is designed to create and manage a database of books, videos, impact statements and other resource materials. Among other functions, the software will produce files that can be used by a word processor to print cards for a card catalog; it can be used to make topic word searches to find needed materials. Based on the diploma thesis of Josef Willenborg, (Master of CS), of Berlin University of Technology entitled â€Å"A Distributed Library Information System on the Basis of the Z39. 50 Protocol, July 1999† stated that: â€Å"Since the 70s, the acquisition of library catalogs is done electronically. The development of computer technology in the last few years has provided the necessary preconditions to administrate an ever growing amount of information electronically. Prompted by the success of the World Wide Web, many providers are beginning to open their databases to external users. This gives users the possibility to search in a database and exchange data directly via the Internet. † Local Studies According to Hazeline F. Gadia, et al. (1998), on their thesis entitled, â€Å"Computerized Information System for College Libraries,† that their study aims to provide an on-line and cost-free searching capability through the campus network. This reduces the need for the user’s to run from one library to another only to find what they are looking for. Based on the unpublished thesis of Jonalee Domingo’s group entitled â€Å"West Bay Library System, October 2002,† stated that: â€Å"The proposed computerized Library System of West Bay College, a system that will computerize the process in West Bay College. It aims to help the users & librarian by having a search engine. Which will make searching of books faster. It will inform users about the availability & some information on their desired book. It is also aim to help librarian manage library records including its books & users. The proponents intend to develop the system using MS Visual Basic. † (p. vii) Based on the research done by the group of Modina on their thesis entitled â€Å"Computer-Based Library System of IETI College Alabang† stated that: â€Å"The Library is a place where books, journals, microfilms, multimedia, audio and visual materials and computer data and terminals are kept and organized to support the cultural, informational, recreational, and educational needs of the general public or specific groups of users. Recent advances in computer and communication technologies have transformed the contemporary library; it is not only a repository but now also an active member in a vast network of libraries and databanks through which users have access to a world wide store of recorded knowledge. Therefore, Library System is the process that keeps monitoring and classify each book. It also maintains an extensive network of local branches, the properties and the persons involved in it. Relevance to the Study Computer is the latest catalyst in the swirling reaction of human history its power delivers a chance for revolution. When they were rare and expensive they shaped the worlds above the ivory tower. As we move towards the moderation, many organizations must cope up with the latest challenges. Creating a system was become more in demand and gaining an increasing rate of popularity in every industry. It was developed to provide timely, reliable and accurate information that is very helpful in decision making and problem solving. Based on the gathered related literatures and studies, proposing such system like the SRCS Library System would really help not only the librarian and the library personnel but also those who use the library facilities especially the researchers, that it would be more easier for them to know the availability of the book to be borrowed and the procedure of borrowing & returning of books will be more organize & systematize. Chapter III Methodology and Procedure. This chapter discusses the methods of research used by the proponents in conducting the study. Research instruments used, data gathering procedures and statistical treatment are also discussed. Research Design The software was developed using Visual Basic 6, in a module-by-module manner. Each module was designed and created as separate form. This form was compiled and run separately and revised before it linked to the actual programs. And their database holder, the proponents use MS Access. Methods of Research Use The proponents used descriptive and experimental methods in doing the study. Descriptive research method is the process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, tabulating and making interpretation with regards to the data collected. Using the descriptive method, the proponents conducted an interview with the librarian and some students & teachers according to their observation with regards to the library’s service, procedures and policies. In this method, surveying and content analysis techniques are used gather data. A survey is used to collect data about people’s beliefs, idea or opinions regarding a certain topic. Content analysis is used to gather data in any existing and available documentary materials such as articles that content the needed data of the research topic. By the use of this technique, the proponents gather data to related studies and opinions of other authors of any books and articles that useful in furnishing this study. Experimental research is a controlled process which manipulated treatments or actions from a factor, called independent variable, are applied upon another factor, called dependent variable, to determine their effect in the said process. The proponents used this method to find out the effectiveness of the propose library system in the service of the library. Research Instruments The research instruments to be use are questionnaires, interview, experimental and library method. The proponents will be using questionnaires to gather data faster in the persons involved. This is because the respondents were students, faculties and the library personnel and they are busy to take 20 minutes to be interviewed. So by the use of questionnaires, they can answer it for 3-5 minutes when they have available time. Interview is another technique of gathering data or information. The proponents will ask the library head and some of the students & faculties to gather idea with regards to the topic of the study Experimenting is the process of creating sample of the Library System and tests it by the personnel itself and by the users of the library. Giving pre and post test is needed to get the results. Another method is the library method. This is used in researching for some related studies and articles that is useful in this study. Data Gathering Procedures. Before starting this documentation, the proponents interviewed or asked some teachers and students about their idea to the topic. They were asked according to their knowledge. Also, the proponents do some research study to some libraries in order to gather enough data that will give them idea. After getting ideas, the proponents prepare questionnaires for the survey. Statistical Treatment Statistical methods will be helpful for the proponents in making this research design. This will help in determining the validity and reliability of the research. To show the result of the computation, the combination of tabular and graphical presentation is used. Purpose of Cost Benefit Analysis Cost benefit analysis is the process of comparing the anticipated costs of an information system to the anticipated benefits. Cost benefit analysis is performed throughout the SDLC to determine the economic feasibility of an information system project and to compare alternative solutions. Formula Used Proposed System Cost = Development Cost + Operating Cost Benefit = Existing Cost – Proposed Cost Present Value = Benefit / (1+i)n Where: i = interest rate  n = number of years Chapter IV Organizational and Management Aspect Form of Business Organization Company Profile Aimed as fostering spirituality among the youth of Alabang and neighboring town and providing a low-cost quality education to the residents in the area. SAN ROQUE CATHOLIC SCHOOL (SRCS) was established in 1981 by then, parish priest, MONSIGNOR TOMAS T. GONZALES. Since then, the school has taken the role as partner of the parish in the mission of evangelization and Christian education. One hundred forty-one students comprised the first batch of students who were grouped into three sections. Part of parish rectory was converted into classrooms for two classes while the third class was in the other side of the church. Through the initiative of Msgr. Gonzales, the construction of the three-storey building began in 1982 which was ready for use the following school year for 545 students in the first to third year levels. The first principal, Miss Lydia Santos was conferred the responsibility to manage the school. She worked hand in hand with a group of dedicated mentors. With Msgr. Tomas Gonzales setting the initial framework of SRCS, several directors succeeded him: Rev. Fr. Steve Villanueva and Rev. Fr. Romerico Prieto; Msgrs. Rolly dela Cruz and Celso Ditan were geared towards the development and improvement of the edifice, hence, the fruit of their untiring efforts, are the two three-storey buildings along the Mendiola Street. SRCS also gives due honors to Sister Minda Penaredondo. DC who heldthe school’s coffers and Mrs. Erlinda Esporlas who upheld quality Christian education of the students. 1989 was the year the Religious of the Virgin Mary (RVM) came at invitation of the Cardinal’s office to manage the school with Sis. Ma. Domitilla Enriquez, RVM as Principal. Their presence deepened the inculcation of Christian values and continuously enhanced and manifested in the Roquenian way of life. With Sis. Ma. Marina Insigne, RVM: Sis. Ma. Teresita Varon, RVM, Sis Ma. Celestine T. Viernes, RVM and our incumbent principal, Sis. Ma. Julia Advincula, RVM coddled and hurdled the tumultuous toil of running a school at this pace of time. Their natural affection has always been dovetailed with the philosophical views of the school’s past directors. Together with Bishop Jesse Mercado and Rev. Fr. Fidel Fabile, Sis. Ma. Julia Advincula, RVM are in constant reception of new ideas, innovations if only to touch and enhance the lives of the denizens of the community – the ROQUENIANS. Thru the initiative of Sr. Celestine, the Jubilee Building was built, a five storey building dedicated to the HOLY TRINITY as we celebrate the year of jubilation of our 2000th year of Christian Faith and opening its doors to the THIRD MILLENIUM. The building has an installed elevator for easy access and house the school auditorium which is named after Msgr. Tom Gonzales, at the ground floor of the building is the school computer laboratory, T. H. E. and the preschool rooms. The Fifth floor holds the social hall used for various activities and the gymnasium of St. Roch Building with newly installed two step bleachers for the spectators. SRCS is grateful for the continuous support of parents (and hopefully alumni, generous donors and benefactors) to assist in meeting the global needs of its students today. To become a genuine contributor – developing dynamic. Christian citizens of our country, SRCS will not stop growing reaching out especially to the less privileged. Vision-Mission. San Roque Catholic School of Alabang, Muntinlupa City is a Filipino, parochial, elementary and secondary educational institution which envisioned to be: Transformed agents/community that is maka-Diyos, maka-tao, makabayan, makbuhay and maka-kalikasan under the reign of God. SRCS commits itself to intensify its readiness to respond in Marian spirit to the gospel values by building a productive school family and parish community with loving service especially to the less privileged through academic competence and spiritual formation. Goals / Objectives. San Roque Catholic School was founded to serve the youth of Alabang and nearby communities, providing quality education by: Forming in the hearts and mind of all SRCS students the value of human dignity and total commitment to Christ by witnessing the love of God and service to his fellowmen. Providing Christian quality education and values integrated in Academic and Technology instructions that bring about intellectual and skilled oriented individual towards global competitiveness. Developing in the students the value of self-discipline and impressing upon them the high standard of decency, morality and good behavior. Integrating social responsibilities to advocate for justice, peace and order for the protection of the rights of the less privileged. Promoting and preserving the sanctity of life and the family towards nation building. Participating actively in the pursuit of ecological conservation and environmental awareness. Enriching the lives of all students through appreciation and awareness of the rich cultural heritage of his country. Establishing a harmonious relationship among students, parents, teachers, administrators and parishioners. Chapter V The System. This chapter discusses the context diagram and data flow diagram of the existing and proposed system. Existing System Based on the interview and data gathered by the proponents the existing library system of San Roque Catholic School is in manual manners in which the students ask the librarian for the availability of the book they are looking for and sometimes look in the card catalog if the book really exists in their library. Borrowing of books for overnight is allowed but limited; students can borrow with the maximum of two (2) books and four (4) books for Mind Movers Club member (Library Club). Reference books and serials are not allowed to be borrowed (strictly for library use only. The Fiction, Filipiniana, and Circulation books can be borrowed for three (3) days while the reserved books can be borrowed but only for overnight. Renewal of due dates can be allowed only for three (3) times. Personal reservation of book is allowed, which is effective for the whole day only. If not taken by the borrowers at the end of the day, it will be arranged back to its shelves. Existing System (Borrowing of Books) CONTEXT DIAGRAM Existing System (Returning of Books) CONTEXT DIAGRAM Data Flow Diagram of Borrowing of Books (Existing). Data Flow Diagram of Returning of Books (Existing) Proposed System (Borrowing of Books) CONTEXT DIAGRAM Proposed System (Returning of Books) CONTEXT DIAGRAM Data Flow Diagram of Borrowing of Books (Proposed) Data Flow Diagram of Returning of Books (Proposed) Costing Economic feasibility tests the ability of the system if the system is economically feasible. This includes the development cost, the return of investment and the payback analysis. Development Cost System Cost Systems Analyst Cost20,000 Database Designer’s Cost10,000 Programmers Cost20,000 Design Cost15,000 Subtotal65,000 Operational Cost Printer Ink (black) 800 Bond Paper (short). * 1 ream 200 Subtotal 1,000 Equipment Cost Computer Set27,000 Subtotal27,000 Software Cost Microsoft Windows 9810,000 Microsoft Office 5,000 Subtotal15,000 Overall Total Development Cost108,000 Annual Development Cost YEAR AMOUNT COST AMOUNT BENEFIT 0 108,000 1 123,100 150,000 2 138,200 169,430 3 153,300 188,860 4 168,400 210,290 5 183,500 235,720 TOTAL 766,500 954,300 Return of Investment ROI = Estimated Lifetime Benefit – Estimated Lifetime Cost Estimated Lifetime Cost = 954,300 – 766,500 766,500 = 187,800 766,500 = 0. 24500 or 24. 50% Payback Analysis YEAR COST BENEFIT NET BENEFIT PV OF BENEFIT DISCOUNT % 0 108,000 1 123,100 150,000. 26,900 24,452. 10 .909 2 138,200 169,430 31,230 25,795. 98 .826 3 153,300 188,860 35,560 26,990. 04 .759 4 168,400 210,290 41,890 28,610. 87 .683 5 183,500 235,720 52,220 32,428. 62 .621 TOTAL 766,500 954,300 187,800 138,277. 61 Chapter VI Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation Statistical Results of Data Gathering The proponents conducted survey to know the problems of the existing library system of SRCS. The questionnaires indicate comments and suggestions of the respondents for the further enhancement of their system. The results were been tabulate and the percentage will be used for computing the statistical measurement. Analysis of the Result Statistical Analysis Since the percentage method was used, the formula: No. of Respondents / Total No. of Respondents * 100 = Percentage (%) The results of survey are as follow: Does the students spent most of their free time at the library? Table 1 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 12 12% ALWAYS 10 10% OFTEN 45 45% SOMETIMES 18 18% RARE 15 15% NEVER Based on the above table, out of 100 respondents only 12% always spent most of their free time at the library, 10% says often, 45% says sometimes, 18% says rare and 15% of them never spent their free time at the library. Are the books in the library well organized and arranged according to its classification? Table 2 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 45 45% ALWAYS 27 27% OFTEN 15 15% SOMETIMES 13 13% RARE 0 0% NEVER Based on the above table, out of 100 respondents 45% of them said that the books in the library of SRCS are well organized and arranged according to its classification, 27% says often, 15% says sometimes, 13% says rare and no one says that the books in the library of SRCS are not well organized and arranged according to its classification. Are the library personnel aware with the needs of the borrowers? Table 3 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 55 55% ALWAYS 37 37% OFTEN 5 5% SOMETIMES 3 3% RARE 0 0% NEVER According to the result above, out of 100 respondents 55% of them said that the library personnel is always are with the needs of the borrowers, 37% says often, 5% says sometimes, 3% says rare and 0% of the respondents say that the library personnel is never aware with the needs of the borrowers. Are they using card catalog for searching the books? Table 4 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 10 10% ALWAYS 15 15% OFTEN 5 5% SOMETIMES 32 32% RARE 38 38% NEVER According to the above result, out of 100 respondents only 10% of them use card catalog in searching a certain book, 15% says often, 5% says sometimes, 32% says rare and 38% of the respondents say that they never able to use the card catalog in searching the books but instead ask the librarian for the book they are looking for. Is the present method of searching a book is accurate and fast? Table 5 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 55 55% YES 45 45%. NO Based on the above result, out of 100 respondents 55% of them agreed that their present method in searching the book is accurate and fast while 45% of them disagreed. Is there any penalty for the overdue books? Table 6 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 100 100% YES 0 0% NO Based on the result of the above table out of 100 respondents, all of them said that there is a penalty for every overdue book. Is there any sanction or penalty for those students or borrowers who accidentally damaged or lost the book? Table 7 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE. CHOICES 100 100% YES 0 0% NO Based on the result of the above table out of 100 respondents, 100% of them said that there is a sanction for those students and borrowers who accidentally damaged or lost the book. Is it allowed to borrow the books for overnight? Table 8 FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE CHOICES 100 100% YES 0 0% NO According to the result above out of 100 respondents, 100% of them said that it is allowed to borrow the books for overnight. Is there a limit of number of books that can be borrowed for overnight? Table 9 FREQU.   

Ecological Effects of Industrial Revolution

Ecological Effects of Industrial Revolution Museum http://ohsweb. ohiohistory. org/places/se02/index. shtml Buckeye Furnace is a reconstructed charcoal-fired iron blast furnace originally built in 1852. http://www. thehenryford. org/education/industrialRevolution. aspx Impact of Technology and Innovations during Industrial Revolution by experiencing the transition from small farms and shops of the 18th and 19th centuries to the large industrial complexes of today.Engines of Change introduces some of the people and machines that were part of this great transformation of change. Websites http://industrialrevolution. sea. ca/innovations. html Technologies are discussed that occurred during the Industrial Revolution to improve production. http://www. worldcoal. org/coal-the-environment/coal-mining-the-environment/ Coal mining and the how it affects the environment. http://www. worldcoal. org/coal-the-environment/climate-change/ Global greenhouse emissions, coal and climate change. http:/ /www. catf. us/publications/reports/Cradle_to_Grave. df The environmental impact from coal mining. http://www. nps. gov/lowe/index. htmUncover the Industrial Revolution through interactive exhibits at the Boott Cotton Mills Museum, and see the operating power looms. http://www. millerandlevine. com/km/evol/Moths/moths. html Example of evolution working through the process of natural selection caused by a changing habitat linked to the industrial revolution. http://ecology. com/features/industrial_revolution/index. html The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in Earth’s ecology and humans’ relationship with their environment. ttp://www. mnsu. edu/emuseum/biology/evolution/genetics/naturalselection. html A complete text explaining evolution by the process of natural selection. http://www. globalchange. umich. edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection. html Explanation of Natural Selection. http://bsgran. people. wm. edu/melanism. pdf Peppered moth selection analysis. Journal Article Oakes, Elizabeth H. â€Å"Newcomen, Thomas. † A to Z of STS Scientists. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2002. Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp?ItemID=WE41&SID=5&iPin= azsts0137&SingleRecord=True http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE40&SID=5&iPin= azsts0137&SingleRecord=True. With the invention of this atmospheric steam engine, the Industrial Revolution used coal as fuel. Barber, Nigel. â€Å"Ethical Issues of Air Pollution . † Encyclopedia of Ethics in Science and Technology. Facts On File, Inc. , 2002. Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE40&SID=5&iPin= ethics0008&SingleRecord=True http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE40&SID=5&iPin= ethics0008&SingleRecord=True.Major environmental polluters feel little sense of legal liability for pollution causing ill health and habitat destruction. Hopkins, William G. â₠¬Å"photosynthesis and the environment. † Photosynthesis and Respiration, The Green World. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2006. Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE41&SID=5&iPin= GWPR0006&SingleRecord=True http://fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE40&SID=5&iPin= GWPR0006&SingleRecord=True. Since Industrial Revolution, the human population has put increased pressure on the biosphere. Rosen, Joe, and Lisa Quinn Gothard. greenhouse effect. † Encyclopedia of Physical Science. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2009. Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE41&SID=5&iPin= EPS0098&SingleRecord=True http://fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE40&SID=5&iPin= EPS0098&SingleRecord=True. Explanation of greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, and energy transfers. Barber, Nigel. â€Å"ethical implications of the Industrial Revolution. † Encyclopedia of Ethics in Science and Technology. Facts On File, Inc. , 2002. Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://fofweb. com/activelink2. asp?ItemID=WE41&SID=5&iPin= ethics0217&SingleRecord=True http://fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE40&SID=5&iPin= ethics0217&SingleRecord=True. The increased burning of fossil fuels by industry and transportation resulted in pollution to destroy ecosystems and create health problems. PowerPoint Presentations http://americanhistory. pppst. com/industrialrevolution. html http://www. birdville. k12. tx. us/Instruction/ss2/SS%20Resources/8th%20Grade%20Links/Results%20of%20Industrial%20Rev.. ppt#256,1,Results of the Industrial Revolution http://www. mrberlin. com/7th/Growth_Prosperity/cotton_gin. pt#261,1 Cotton Gin Simulation http://www. biologycorner. com/worksheets/pepperedmoth. html Simulations of peppered moth population due to predation and ecological changes. YouTube video http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=qWiv5QAZAJM Human Induced Climate Change – Ian Plimer (part 4 of 5) Bo ok Chapter Sakolsky, Josh . Critical Perspectives on the Industrial Revolution. New York: Rosen Publishing, 2005. A collection of articles which examines the Industrial Revolution. Chapter 2 Science, Technology, and Society: A Changing World. Books Stalcup, Brenda. The Industrial Revolution. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002.A collection of articles which examines the causes, the spread of inventions and impact of the Industrial Revolution. Outman, James L. and Elisabeth M. Industrial Revolution: Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2003. A book presenting works, speeches and testimony from which one gains an insight into the period. Evans, Chris and Goran Ryden. The Industrial Revolution in Iron: The Impact of British Coal Technologyin Nineteenth-Century Europe. London: Ashgate, 1988. Print. Hester, Ronald and Roy Harrison. Mining and its Environmental Impact. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994.Print. Film/DVD Coal Country. Director Phylis Geller. 001, Liason Distribution, DVD. http://www. coalcountrythemovie. com/ Reveals the truth about modern coal mining in America. A Forest Returns: The Success Story of Ohio's Only National Forest as told by Ora E. Anderson. Producer Jean Andrews. Ohio Landscape Production, Inc. 2005. DVD. Documentary about the establishment of Wayne National Forest in Southeastern Ohio. http://www. ohiolandscape. org/09Forest. html Thesis Document number: ohiou1121272350. http://rave. ohiolink. edu/etdc/view? acc_num=ohiou1121272350 Research paper and videotaped production of Ora Anderson about the beginnings of Wayne National Forest. Gerald Nelson

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Essay Example After that it spread to around hundred cities in the United States with actions all over the globe in and around 1500 cities. The movement is to fight back against the 1% richest in the country who are in the process of steering the rules of the economy and practicing them unfairly jeopardizing the lives of remaining 99% who are the common people (Occupy wallstreet, about) Protestor’s notion The slogan of the group is, â€Å"we are the 99 percent†. The remaining 1% is all the haves i.e., that is, the â€Å"banks, the mortgage industry, the insurance industry, etc.; and the 99 percent refers to the have-nots: that is, everyone else† (Occupy Movement Wall Street). This notion incorporated a rising sense of exploitation among the US nationals done by these 1 % haves over the 99% have-nots. The protestors stated that the common people cannot be simultaneously working and poor. The protestors were guided by some particular demands. They demanded free and fair election s. They also stated that money flowing from the corporate into the elections will be eliminated, there will be only public funding, and public election channel should be made the centers of debate and educational campaigns. After the elections there would be no financial gifting or gifting requirements for meeting privately with the selected officials. There should be properly operated televised public as well as transparent investigations regarding the financial meltdown, mortgage derivatives, and returns of the taxpayers. The protestors also demand of telecasted transparent investigations in the social security funding along with its background and allocation details. There should be also securing of low risk investment policies to the funds borrowed from the social security funds. Corporations are channelizing jobs at lower wage rates to the countries which lack basic human sustainability and the Americans are losing jobs continuously. The corporations are required to operate her e by providing the local nationals jobs (List of Goals for Occupy Wall Street). Reactions from opposing political parties There was initial hesitation regarding the spread of the movement from both the Democrats party and the Republicans. This can be thought of a natural response to any protests in its initial phase (Klein). The democrats and the occupy wall street movement pose similar concerns related to the economic inequalities. The democrats refused of engaging with their lot with the protesters of the movement confronting the police and the squats in the public encampments. The Democrats embraced the movement with spreading demonstrations across the country with the attainment of robust support from the progressive traditional institutions. The democratic leaders stated that the movement has many positive sides to it. The democrats supported the central message of the movement which aimed reflecting the large economic inequalities growing up in the country due to the greed of corporate. The democrats are quite enthusiastic about the movement and they believe that the sentiments are increasing in a rapid pace within the country. There were even more progressive democrats who showed more enthusiasm. Some of them stated that, â€Å"I’m so proud to see the Occupy Wall Street movement standing up to this rampant corporate greed and peacefully participating in our democracy†

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Islamic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Islamic - Assignment Example Muslims and non-Muslims have some similarities and differences inherent in their faith. To begin with, both are sensitive to political and other issues affecting people in the society. However, Muslims tend to be more religious than non-Muslims. Muslims rate the importance of God in their undertakings higher than non-Muslims; most Muslims do not accept abortion, divorce and have a particular opposition towards homosexuality. However, some Christians have a soft stand on some of these issues. Muslims do not allow intermarriage with non-Muslims, unlike Christians, and if they do, the spouse from non-Muslim faith must change their religion. Further, female Muslims do not shake hands with non-Muslims, but other religions do. These differences, which prevail between Muslim and non-Muslim individuals, have a negative effect in the social interaction of these two groups in the entire world. Most non-Muslims view Muslims as a segregated religion whose followers give priority to people who share the same faith. In addition, since terrorists are considered to be Muslims, non-Muslims are always conscious in dealing and interacting with Muslims (Mussarat 11). Therefore, good strategies should be put in place in order to establish tolerance, justice and compassion in the relationship between Muslims and non

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Dostoyevskys Underground Man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dostoyevskys Underground Man - Essay Example Dostoyevsky’s Underground Man In the process of writing the novel, Dostoyevsky was much more concerned on remote ideals of European liberalism, because he did not believe in them anymore. In the beginning of his writing career, Dostoyevsky was a dreamer and an ideal romanticist. The ideas of utopian socialism inspired Dostoyevsky in his early writings. When he was in exile, these ideas vanished into thin air and he became more pragmatic and was focused not on the political principles, but on the ideas of an individual’s nature and the essence of a human being. The Irrationalism of the Underground Man Both the irrational and the rational exist in the human being. There is no need to discard the principles of irrationality, because it is another form of self-reflection. The Underground Man and his nature are close to any individual. A study of a disturbed mind and the existential nature of an individual was discussed by Dostoyevsky. The author managed to try his prey or the main characters of the novel in or der to show the limit of their rationality. Sometimes, in the situation of despair an individual becomes a piece of meat, which may be easily eaten by the stronger species. His heroes like being tortured and it is the way of their self-definition and self-expression. The same principles can be traced in existentialist philosophy, where individuals experience tortures in the name of tortures. It is a kind of exam for an inner world of an individual. The man’s irrational nature is dominant over his rational mind. In the Underground Man Dostoyevsky attacks human rationality, the ideas of materialism and utopianism. A man wants to gratify his self-will. The basic features of a hero of the Underground Man should be searched in his ability to be a typical, an ordinary man. Existentialists are focused on the nature of a man, his ability to proud of his inner emotions, both negative and positive. The way of an inner corruption is the means for self-analysis. The fundamental principle s of existentialism are reflected in the novel by Dostoyevsky. In order to comprehend his being, a man considers it more interesting, integrative and universal than outer world. Existentialists are not focused on logic, because actions taken by an individual are subjective and the responsibility for these actions is assigned for individuals only. There is more irrational in the actions of an individual and there is no point to consider human actions from the perspective of logic. The main character of the novel defines himself as a sick, depressed man and there is a need to find some remedy for him. Is there a need in it? That is really interesting question. The being, who is able to evaluate him critically, is the real individual. The main character of Dostoyevsky underlines his desire to identify him: â€Å"I did not know how to become anything; neither spiteful nor kind, neither a rascal nor an honest man, neither a hero nor an insect†) (Dostoevsky 1). Thus, one of the mai n principles of existentialism works in the novel. The main character also claims that despair and suffering are the greatest enjoyment for him, because he may feel them acutely. He realizes his hopelessness and he enjoys having a chance to identify himself. Despair is a wide road for self-identification. In case the main character manages to define him, he would be able to understand the essence of his being and also the directions of his future

Monday, August 26, 2019

Segmentation and target market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Segmentation and target market - Research Paper Example In the successful marketing of any product, it is important to analyze various aspects of the particular market. Analyzing Germany’s market is imperative and the manner through which this is done is by looking at the P.E.S.T situation of the country and looking at the different strategies that Henkel Electronic Materials can incorporate to make the marketing even more effective. Henkel has been an independent company in Germany and the owner country has been a democratic nation for well over a century now; thus, the political environment is reputable for the marketing of the product. This is from the fact that with the democracy, the government does not inhibit the citizens from purchasing products at will. Moreover, the democracy also allows South Korea, the producer of the product, to venture into the German market easily and consequently have increased sales of the Samsung Galaxy Note (Gregory, 2010). The fact that the country has a well laid out judicial system is also important for the marketing of the new product. This is from the fact that there is control on the decisions that powerful politicians make. An example is a politician who may talk ill of the product and tell people not to purchase it. Such cases are few - the concept of freedom and independence is incorporated in the market and the fact of re-marketing a commodity is one that has been legalized in the country of late and of such Henkel would greatly benefit from the proceeds. One factor that may come as a disadvantage in the marketing of the product is with regard to the tax tariffs that the country has. Lately, Germany has set its tariffs very high in an effort to boost its economy. With the increased tariffs, the country will have reduced imports and – consequently – the goods within the country will increase in sales. With this, the standards ought to increase and make the economy of the country boost. The issue of

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Consumer Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer Psychology - Essay Example The main purpose of the survey was to observe the impact of its advertisements on the people so that the organization could identify the target market and at the same time inject fresh ideas into its advertising strategy. The positive information that has come out of this survey is that significant percentage of people above the age of 20 gave clear indication that their buying decision is swayed by the visual and textual content of the advertisements. The company too, needs to target people above the age of 20 years to market its products. The beer and ale are popular amongst the youth and Arran must target this group primarily because they are open to new ideas and products. By targeting this segment, Arran can strengthen its market position. Another major target markets are the retailers and hotel industry. While retail market would need ales and beers in the bottles, the hotel industry can also have it in cask format. The advertisements should be versatile in their approach to attract clientele from diverse segment of the market. Consumer psychology and analysis of database of customers are important part of market strategy which helps one to know the changing preferences of the customers in the rapidly changing times. Prices may not be very important part of the strategy with the old customers but competitive pricing helps to bring in new clients. Whenever new products are to be launched, it is important that trend in the customers’ needs and requirements are studied in advance so that appropriate strategy could be developed. While the growth and the future prospects of the business depend on the input data as they are able to divulge vital information about the products and the customers, strategic marketing through widespread appealing advertisement is a vital factor that helps to bring in new clientele. Arran Breweries was conceptualized by Richard and

Saturday, August 24, 2019

New Federalism in USA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New Federalism in USA - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the congress is an important body in the new federalism. The success of the statutory federalism depends on its restraint not to overuse its powers. It is because of the lack of restraint that the courts come in to limit the congressional powers. This can however prove to be less effective. For example, in Brady’s bill, the congress can use its spending powers to achieve the same purpose that it had intended to achieve by using the statute. Similarly, in the case of Lopez, the congress had intended to use the Gun Free School Zones Act to make it criminal possessing guns near the school periphery. The congress could use the commerce clause in this instance to link this law to the interstate commerce. It is for this reason that Ferejohn states that the judicial mechanisms used to regulate congress are blunt tools. Under the commerce clause, as stated the congress has the power to regulate all economic activities that involve the different states. This cl ause gives the congress broad powers over all the commercial interests of the nation. The commerce clause has brought in a lot of debate on the powers of the congress and whether the courts can limit the same powers. This report makes a conclusion that the new federalism has made significant progress in the politics of the United States of America. However, it has been faced with what seems like a tug of war between the congress and the federal government. The judiciary through case law, solves the disputes that may come in. The devolution aspect of the new federalism has greatly shaped the economy of many states as the federal government provides block grants to the states. These block grants are meant to solve various social issues in the states.

Friday, August 23, 2019

Can Sinkers claim demurrage against the cricket clubs Essay

Can Sinkers claim demurrage against the cricket clubs - Essay Example Vessel will be losing her time and the connected payment. In the present case, reaching the berth and unloading the goods took longer time than expected and the vessel has gone onto demurrage. The popular rule is 'once on demurrage, always on demurrage'. As an exception, demurrage would not occur if the delay was purely due to ship owner's fault and as the repercussion of actions taken by him suitable for his convenience and benefit. "The freighter of a ship is bound not to detain it, beyond the stipulated or usual time, to load or deliver the cargo, or to sail. The extra days beyond the lay days (being the days allowed to load and unload the cargo) are called the days of demurrage. The term is likewise applied to the payment for such delay, and it may become due, either by the ship's detention, for the purpose of loading or unloading the cargo, either before, during or after the voyage, or in waiting for convoy2." A shipowner will be entitled to unliquidated damages for being detained while loading or unloading, or delivering a consignment, within the stipulated time, if the delay happens for no fault of his or his representatives. In some transactions, to be safe, there could be an agreement to pay demurrage, which is usually for preventing the shipowner from demanding an enormous sum if an unfortunate delay occurs. As a result of this written understanding and agreement, if the demurrage is fixed at a certain rate per hour, the shipowner would be unable to demand more money as demurrage. According to John Wilson, "Liability for the payment of demurrage accrues immediately on the expiration of the lay days and runs continuously through Sundays, holidays and other periods normally excluded from laytime, e.g. bad weather working days3." Demurrage or the dead freight can occur at any point of affreightment. It is actually a fixed sum per hour or per day that charterer has to pay the vessel owner for the delays while loading and unloading of his consignments, and the time lost (beyond the stipulated time) and these days are called lay days. "If no demurrage is provided for by the charter-party, and the vessel is not loading or discharging beyond the lay days, the shipowner is entitled to claim damages in respect of the loss which he has suffered by the detention of his ship4" This is mainly to force the charterers to load and unload within the time fixed. If the time is not fixed, then it might be difficult for the shipowner to prove that the ship has run onto demurrage. There are difficult circumstances, honouring difficult judgements too. "Where time under a limitation clause runs from completion of discharge of the cargo, but there was no cargo to discharge, the judge held that the limitation clause does not apply. He refused to imply additional words into the clause that would have allowed time to run from when the cargo should have been discharged since, if the parties had wanted to provide for such a circumstance, they could easily have done so. The judge also held that, in addition to damages for repudiation, the shipowners could claim demurrage that had accrued before the charterparty was repudiated5". http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/odfjell_seachem_v__continentale.htm As both the clubs are named as consignees in the receipts, even though they did not do the transactions personally through

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Economics Trumps Ideology week 3 dissc 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Trumps Ideology week 3 dissc 1 - Essay Example As a result, the Populist movement was launched in 1890s with the aim of resolving the hardships confronted by the peasants and the working class. It was organized to seek financial assistance and to aid the farmers and laborers in improvement of their work activities (Wormser, 2002). The formation of Populist movement was based on economics as the farmers and the working-class faced paucity of finances to run their work operations effectively. This was attributed to the prevalent economic recession in USA in early 19th century, which lowered the revenues, and dragged the farmers and laborers in losses. Thus, it is difficult to separate the economic and ideological principles while defining the Populist movement. This is because the economic concepts of slump and recession and falling prices are explained as a major reason of the problems faced by the working laborers leading to organizing Populist movement. Likewise, the ideology of the working class and the Republican and Democratic parties is emphasized while explaining the tussle between these two classes. James Weaver was the head of the Populist movement or the People’s Party. Initially, the party met with success under his presidency and formed coalitions of white and black laborers against the federal government. This coalition managed to take over the state of North Carolina in 1896, which was an initial victory for the party. However, the success was transitory. The reliance on traditions made it difficult for the members of Populist movement to cope up with the transformations taking place in the business environment. The racial discrimination found between the black and white laborers blocked the chances of success, and ultimately led to failure of the Populists. The role of economics in killing the Populist movement was evident. The financial crisis arising from the racial discrimination between the

Modelling a Database for a Garment Manufacturing Company Essay Example for Free

Modelling a Database for a Garment Manufacturing Company Essay This project will contain information on the processing involved in modelling a database for a Garment Manufacturing company. It will also document how to create letter and fax templates that make the work more efficient. The database will hold details about the suppliers, customers and stock etc. The garment style, size, how many ordered and deadline dates for the garments to be finished will also be data which is stored in the table. The end-user Mr Jordan will be able to recall information on any of his suppliers or customers. He will be able to link what the customer orders to what he has to order from his suppliers or if the customers provides their own supplies he will see the amount needed. Mr Jordan will be able to send letters automatically to his customers and suppliers about work and orders. The database will be developed using Microsoft Access, the supplier and customer letters will be created in Microsoft Word and merged with data from Microsoft Access. Background to Organisation The Garment Manufacturing Company is called Air Ltd, it is located in Stratford and is owned by Mr Jordan. There are nine workers, which Mr Jordan is in charge of. He takes care of every aspect of the business himself apart from parts of the accounts. All of the other nine workers are arrange in a production line around the work place. Mr Jordan deals with the customer enquiries, orders and suppliers etc. At the moment letters are created from scratch in Microsoft Word. Information Technology is not used much as it could be at the present time. Current procedures Customers get into contact with the company and talk about their order and the type of work required to meet their needs. This would include the design styles, materials and number of garments etc. Either the customer provide their own materials or they set out their order to Mr Jordan so he can go to his supplier. The company then makes a sample garment which is shown to the customer if they are pleased with it then production starts, if not then amendments are made. At the moment if letters need to be sent out to customers or suppliers they are created individually instead of making a template and using mail-merge. From customer orders Mr Jordan notes down how many garments to be made, style of garment and size on paper, all of this documentation is kept in a folder. Image of Mr Jordans customers order detail sheet. [image002.jpg] The customer detail sheet is in tabular form where records are filled in about each of the individual garments. For example data such as size, colour and style etc. would be held on the sheet. Mr Jordan takes care of all of these sheets in a folder. When they are out dated and are no, longer of any use they are disposed of. Strengths of the current system The strengths of the following system are: All of the workers are used to the current system this means that nobody has to be trained to use any new equipment. For example none of the workers have to be trained on how to use computers. Most work is carried out by hand , this is a strength because if machines were used and any one of them broke down the production of the garments would have to be stopped. Weaknesses of the current system The weaknesses of the current system are: All documentation is carried out on paper. All letter to customers are created individually. The business does not use e-mail to communicate with its customers or suppliers. The business does not have a web site advertising its service and goods. If vital business documents are lost, there is no backup. There is no form of a factory outlet. Objectives for the new system Store details about the customers permanently. Store details about the suppliers permanently. Easily be able to input data concerning the ordering of materials. For example, style, material, size, colour etc. Be able to print out order details for the worker to use. Check his status with the suppliers. For example, material ordered etc. Send out letters to customers using mail merge for better efficiency. Print out an update of all deadlines to be met. End-user and functional requirements Store details about the customers permanently The database will need to store details of the name of the company, its address and the telephone number. The user will sometimes want to display details of all the customers. It will be useful if the customer company names are in alphabetical order. The user might want to send the customers letters which means that the postcode will have to be stored in a separate field. Store details about the suppliers permanently The database will store details about the suppliers. For example the user will sometimes want to list the names in alphabetical order this means that the first name will have to be stored in a separate field to the middle and last name. If the user wants to send the customers letters to inform them about orders etc he will need to store the post code part of the address in a different field. Store details about the suppliers permanently The database will store details about the suppliers name and address. The suppliers table will be similar to the customer table. But the user will send letters to the suppliers concerning the orderinf of raw materials etc. Easily be able to input data concerning the ordering of materials. For example, style, material, size, colour etc. The user will easily be able to in put the data u sing Microsoft access instead of inputting the data on paper using a hand made table where he could be creating a more efficient table using access. Be able to print out order details for the worker to use. The user will be able to print out details of the customers orders. For example, the number of garments, style, material etc. Check his status with the suppliers. For example, material ordered etc. The user should be able to access details about what he has ordered and what there is to pay at the touch of button Send out letters to customers using mail merge for better efficiency. The user will be able to send out letters to the customers and suppliers quickly and efficiently using mail merge with Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word Print out an update of all deadlines to be met. The user will be able to print out a list of all deadlines to be met of all of the customers so the workers can work efficiently. Working Constraints End-user skill level The end-user(s) have used modern computers before based upon Windows 95. The user has used a modern computer to create letters and do calculations on Microsoft Excel. The user can only do simple calculations and nothing too complicated. The user can create letters for suppliers and customers by using a word processor. Mr Jordan is new to Microsoft Word but is getting the hang of it. He does not know much about the advanced features of the software. Mr Jordan will need some form of support in using the advanced features. Mr Jordan can use any simple software, but will have to apply himself slightly to be able to get the hang of the advanced features. His experience with IT is very limited. The new system must be easy to understand so that the vital functions can be successfully carried out. No errors should occur, everything should be clear. Availability of hardware and software The previous software that Mr Jordan was using is called Lotus Word Pro96 but has recently purchased a new PC with Microsoft Office 2000 on it. This new computer is manufactured by Compaq and has the following specification: 900Mhz processor 64Mb RAM 13Gigabytes HDD 17 inch VDU Cannon Bubble Jet printer BJC4200 Microsoft Office 2000 Mr Jordan has an ideal specification if not too good for the functional requirements. The software in the school will easily correspond with Mr Jordans PC since in school Microsoft Office 97 is available. Time constraints The deadline for the project is to be completed for the 30^th March. This gives approximately nine weeks for development, testing and documentation. Documentation will take up a great deal of the time this means that time will be a major constraint upon the completed system. Initial time plan Consideration of solutions Data such as company names and addresss will need to be stored along with ordering details etc. this means that a database must be used. A word processor will also be needed because letters have to be created for the customers. Mail merge could be used. There are two choices for the type of database: relational or Flat-file. Flat-file A Flat-file database will not be suitable because it would mean that all of the field would have to be stored in one table. For example, supplier, customer and order fields will all be in the same table. This would then lead to there being data in the table that is not needed. For example, each time a customer made an order their name and address will have to be recorder in that record. If this type were to be used then it would take up a lot of space and hold useless data. It would also make it hard to search in the basic ways that you do. It will be hard to develop it so that the end-user will be able searc h for a certain supplier or customer without all of the other irrelevant details coming up. It would also make it increasingly difficult to use the mail merge facility. Concluding this we now know that a spreadsheet is not suitable for our purpose because it is just like a Flat-file if not nearly enough the same thing. Relational database This form of storage is much more flexible than Flat-file because it allows the data to be split up into separate tables. This is more efficient because each table contains information about a single entity. Now that information is in its individual tables, data redundancy is avoided. By linking all of the tables the whole structure will be able to be searched in a variety of ways. There are a great amount of relational database options in the market but the two main ones are Microsoft Access and Lotus Approach. These are both very suitable choices. Out of the two I will use Microsoft Access because it is more common compared with Lotus Approach and also because I am more familiar with the Microsoft environment. Overall I feel that Microsoft Access is easier to understand the instructions are clearer which makes it easier to follow. The terminology used in Access is better than that used in Lotus Approach. The form will be used to enter record of orders, suppliers and customers etc. This will make the business more organised and thus more efficient. The queries will be used to see who is ordering what and how much is owed to suppliers or owed by customers. To produce the templates for the letter I have chosen Microsoft word because it can easily be linked to Microsoft Access. It will also enable the letter to look professional as you can set any of your own preferences. For example, margin width, header and footer etc. Functions in Microsoft word such as MacroButtons, Date fields can make the end-user develop the letter template for his suitability. Other functions like AutoCorrect and AutoText will give the user an option for creating many types of customised letters for different kinds clients. My other options for word processors were Lotus WordPro, WordPad, Microsoft Publisher, Microsoft Paint and Word Perfe ct. These were not as suitable as Microsoft Word because some of them do not allow me carry out the advanced features that I wish to and also because most of them will not be able to link with Microsoft Access.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Compare and Contrast two Theories of Major Depression

Compare and Contrast two Theories of Major Depression Depressive disorders are the most frequently diagnosed psychopathological disorders; the two most common forms of depression are unipolar and bipolar disorders. This essay will focus on unipolar disorder and for simplicity, will be referred to as depression. Even though social factors evidently contribute to depression, it makes more sense that such disorder should have biological basis. Hammen, 1997 proposed four different reasons to support such belief: Symptoms of depression include physical changes, depression appears to run in families, success of medication and particular kinds of illness/injury/drugs could give rise to depression. This essay will explore the similarities and differences between the biological and psychological explanations of depression, specifically looking at neurotransmitter dysfunction (biochemical factors), genetic factors (twin/adoption studies), Becks theory of depression (cognitive explanations), Freuds theory (psychodynamic explanation) and life event s (socio-cultural factors). One biological account for depression is that biochemical factors are involved; the view indicates that depression is caused by a deficiency of neurotransmitters; norepinephrine and serotonin. Norepinephrine levels in the brain are often low in depressed patients. In addition, post mortem studies have revealed an increased density of norepinephrine receptors in the brains of depressed suicide victims (Bunny and Davis, 1965). On the other hand, the link between low synaptic serotonin level and depression is supported by the fact that the cerebrospinal fluid in depressed patients holds a smaller amount of a major serotonin by-product, demonstrating a lower level of serotonin in the brain (McNeal and Cimbolic, 1986). Moreover, Delgado (1994) demonstrated low serotonin levels was associated with depressive symptoms by giving depressed patients (on antidepressants) a special diet which lowered their level of tryptophan, one of the precursors of serotonin; patients reported depressive symp toms which disappeared when their diet returned to normal. Although the biological explanations of depression have received more research support, the psychological explanations have also been significant. It is likely that, the biological factors cause the development of depression, while the psychological factors maintain the disorder. It is also likely that two or more factors are needed for such disorder to develop. People may become depressed only if they have low levels of serotonin, feel helpless and blame themselves for the negative events that happen to them (Comer, 2003). An alternative explanation for depression is Becks, 1967 (cited in Davey, 2008) cognitive theory of depression, a psychological account. He proposed that depressed individuals feel the way they do since their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations of the world; this is caused by acquiring a negative schema during childhood. Such negative schemas are triggered whenever an individual encounters a new situation similar to the original conditions in which the schemas were learnt. Negative schemas are also subject to certain cognitive biases in thinking; both negative schemas and cognitive biases maintain the negative triad, a negative view of one self, the world and the future. Other cognitive explanations include the learned helplessness theory (failing to control unpleasant experiences) and the hopelessness theory (negative expectations of the future). Both explanations differ in terms of treatment. Treatment stemming from the biochemical account (antidepressants) treats the symptoms and not the ultimate cause with only about 65% effectiveness; in contrast the cognitive accounts are associated with successful therapies for depression. Butler and Beck (2000) concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from cognitive therapy which aims to treat the cause of the disorder. Becks cognitive therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate, supporting the proposition that depression indeed has a cognitive basis. In support, Wu, Buchsbaum, Hershey, Johnson and Bunney (1999) demonstrated that uncontrollable negative events (learned helplessness) led to changes in norepinephrine and serotonin levels; further illustrating how by treating such biochemical changes, the ultimate cause of depression is not dealt with. Despite these differences in treatment, a similarity between the treatments is the effects are not imme diate. It takes a number of weeks before the effects of drugs (antidepressants) on depression can be noticed regardless of the fact that antidepressants raise serotonin levels immediately; low levels of neurotransmitters therefore cannot be the straightforward explanation for depression (Kennett, 1999 cited in Cardwell Flanagan, 2004). Moreover, cognitive therapy sessions are taken over weeks, even months before results are noticed. An additional similarity is that not everyone who suffers from depression is helped by serotonin-based drugs and cognitive therapy (individual differences), suggesting that there are other causes for the disorder. In terms of biochemical factors, it is not clear why some people become depressed when their serotonin or norepinephrine levels are low, whereas others with low levels of serotonin or norepinephrine remain depression free. Freud, 1917 (cited in Strachey, 1961) established a further psychological account for depression. He described how, when a loved one is lost, there is a phase of mourning however for some, this phase never seems to end; they continue to exist in a state of melancholia (Freuds term for depression). Freud also believed that we unconsciously harbour negative feelings towards those we love and when we lose those we love, these negative feelings are turned on ourselves. In some cases, we continue a pattern of self-abuse and self-blame; according to this view, depression is anger turned against oneself. A further psychological account is life events (socio-cultural factors). Brown and Harris (1978) studied depressed women in London and found two situations which appeared to increase a persons helplessness to life events. First was the presence of long-term difficulties and secondly the existence of vulnerability factors. Dohrenwend, Shrout, Link, Martin and Skokol (1986) supported this by claiming that depressed patients characteristically experience higher level of negative life events in the year before a depressive episode. The psychological accounts reject the view that the disorder is caused by genetics and brain chemistry but by life events the environment. Similarly, the biological accounts reject the view that depression is caused by psychological factors; instead it favours the idea that the disorder is caused by a deficiency of neurotransmitters, neurocognitive impairment and genetics. Freud focused on the relationship between an individual and a loved one whereas the genetic explanation ignores the impact of the environment. The genetic explanation is an alternative biological account; the view considers that certain individuals have certain genes which predisposes an individual to the disorder. Moreover the disorder can be inherited; as a result of this we would anticipate to find that relatives (i.e. twins) have similar chances of developing depression. Studies of twins have consistently found concordance rates of around 46% for monozygotic twins compared to 20% for dizygotic twins (McGuffin, 1996) suggesting depression has a substantial inheritable component. Further evidence comes from adoption studies; Wender in 1986 studied the biological relations of adopted people who had been hospitalised for serious depression and found there was a much higher incidence of depression in these relations than those of a non-depressed control group. The evidence for biological factors in the onset and progress of depression is strong but not as strong as that for schizophrenia; as with schizophrenia, many of these biological factors (i.e. genes, biochemical factors) are not ultimate causes and may be only peripherally or indirectly involved. A fundamental difference between the biological accounts (biochemical and genetic factors) and the psychological accounts (Freuds theory and life events), is that the biological accounts are based on an internal origin of depression within an individual, both our genes and our biochemical levels are within us, whilst Freuds theory and life events are focused on external events from our bodies (i.e. the loss of a loved one). A similarity between the biological accounts and Freuds theory is both are determinist, indicating that depression is down to factors outside our control (genes, biochemistry, subconscious, thoughts). Some would argue that depression is developed due to factors within our control (i.e. way we think), the approach Becks cognitive theory of depression takes. Additionally, Becks theory of depression is not determinist; it explains how depression is down to our thinking and how we have the ability to change these thoughts, especially through successful cognitive thera py. A similarity between the biological accounts, Freuds and Becks theory is that they can all be argued to be reductionist. The biochemical and genetic explanation does not take into account significant psychological stressors (i.e. life events), making the theories over simplistic when considered as an explanation of depression; reducing the explanation of depression down to biological factors alone. However, research has shown that our environment can affect factors such as our biochemistry (Wu et al., 1999) suggesting that other factors do in fact play a part in the development of depression. The fact that these explanations do not consider both environmental and cognitive factors as reasons to the development of depression is a negative criticism. Both Freuds and Becks theory of depression reduce depression down to the loss of a loved one and the way we think, in addition both theories do not consider other possible factors such as genes. A further similarity is that, all accounts f or depression do not provide a complete explanation of the disorder, ignoring important factors which have evidently shown to influence the development of depression. It is perhaps best to consider an approach which incorporates both biological and psychology factors in explaining the development of depression. The diathesis-stress model indicates that there is a genetic vulnerability to the disorder but this triggered when an individual has been exposed to a stressful life event. Both these factors are necessary for such disorder to develop, this is way not all children (twins) with depression develop the disorder and why the concordance rate for the disorder in monozygotic twins is nothing like 100%. To conclude, both biological and psychological accounts are related to some successful therapies. They are interdependent in so far as it is clear that some people are vulnerable to becoming depressed and for example, life events may trigger the onset of depression. Both explanations are determinist since they suggest that internal/external events cause depression; differences between both the biological and psychological explanations can be found b y looking at specific accounts, and for example, looking at the lack or strength of research evidence and the implications.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

The Delivery Of Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

The Delivery Of Health Care Health And Social Care Essay I am looking into the delivery of health care in the NHS. I will be looking at the original remits of the NHS, the ideological and political context in which the NHS was formed and also looking into the governments new White Paper Liberating the NHS. Other areas I will be looking into include; the political and ethical issues that are involved in the inequalities in provision and access to health care services as well as looking at how the NHS works with e the private sectors. Looking firstly at the NHS and the original remits, the NHS was formed/established in 1948, It come out of a long held ideal that food healthcare should be available to all, regardless of wealth or the ability to pay. It was established by Aneurin Bevam who was at the time health secretary. The formation of the NHS marked the start of the health service; it was the first time that doctors. Hospitals, nurses, pharmacists, opticians and dentist were brought together under one umbrella organisation. The main principles were that it was free, and it would be financed entirely from taxation, this meant that people pay into it according to their means. From the cradle to the grave This was one of the original ideas of the NHS; it would give/provide medical assistance all through a person life. The NHS was set up just after the 2nd world war and people badly needed medical help and assistance. 60 years ago medication and treatment was seen a s a source or real worry to many families and something that could not of been afforded. Other remits were that anyone living in the country and visiting could see a GP/Doctor and go the hospital for free. Before this people simply didnt go to the doctors, they couldnt afford it and would rely on home remedies and the charity of doctors giving free advice and help. If we look at the three core principles that the NHS was built on, these were; that it needs to meet the needs of everyone, that its free at the point of delivery and that is be based on clinical need, not ability to pay.(http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/ nhscoreprinciples.aspx).In July 2000, the NHS was modernised and new programmes were brought in, these required that The NHS provide a wider more comprehensive range of services, the NHS will meet the needs of individuals, their families and there carers. There were also other new programmes brought in looking at improving the NHS and how it operated as a whole. The new White Paper Liberating the NHS (2010) is the governments long term vision for the future of the NHS. It sets out that they will put patients at the heart of everything the NHS does, focus on continually improving those things that really matter (i.e. patients and the public) and finally, empower and liberate clinicians to innovate, with the freedom to focus on improving healthcare services. The government also has other key strategies: We will increase health spending in real terms in each year of this Parliament. Our goal is an NHS which achieves results that are amongst the best in the world. Putting patients and public first We will put patients at the heart of the NHS, through an information revolution and greater choice and control Improving healthcare outcomes To achieve our ambition for world-class healthcare outcomes, the service must be focused on outcomes and the quality standards that deliver them. The Governments objectives are to reduce mortality and morbidity, increase safety, and improve patient experience and outcomes for all. Autonomy, accountability and democratic legitimacy The Governments reforms will empower professionals and providers, giving them more autonomy and, in return, making them more accountable for the results they achieve, accountable to patients through choice and accountable to the public at local level. Cutting bureaucracy and improving efficiency The NHS will need to achieve unprecedented efficiency gains, with savings reinvested in front-line services, to meet the current financial challenge and the future costs of demographic and technological change Conclusion: making it happen We will maintain constancy of purpose. This White Paper is the long-term plan for the NHS in this Parliamentary term and beyond. We will give the NHS a coherent, stable, enduring framework for quality and service improvement. The debate on health should no longer be about structures and processes, but about priorities and progress in health improvement for all. (http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_117794.pdf) The proposal of the white paper is that as much as 80% of the NHS budget will be in the hands of family doctors by 2013. Many people feel that these changes are effectively being introduced without any real testing to see if they will work or if they will actually bring around better care for patients. GPs will take over from primary care trusts and purchase large chunks of care such as hospital admissions and out of hour care. The areas they will not be responsible for will fall under the care of local authorities. Englands 35,000 family doctor practices will form themselves into about 500 consortia, based on geographical area. So they could be responsible for patient populations as large as one million and as small as 100,000. They will either manage themselves or, more likely, will take on managers from the PCTs and strategic health authorities, which are also being abolished. Alternatively, they can take on a private company to manage them, and there are several waiting in the wi ngs for his opportunity. Hospitals will all be required to become foundation trusts by 2014, giving them more autonomy and freedom as to how they provide their services. They can also borrow money without asking the Treasury, and Mr Lansley is very keen that many form themselves into mutual trusts a lot like John Lewis, in which staff run the centre. Some people believe that this could all lead to the privatisation of the NHS. The new government is allowing them opportunities to step into the new regime. GPs may now have to take back the responsibilities of out of hour care. The new regime No decision about me, without me is at the heart of the white paper. What is not clear is what happens when a profit is made or, equally, when a deficit is run up. Patients should have more choices and patients will now be asked how their experience was during their care. (http://www.channel4.com/news/nhs-white-paper-liberating-the-health-service) The main benefits that should be seen from this is that GPs will know there patients on a more personal level, they will make logical decisions. It will bring costs down such as pharmaceuticals and prevent the NHS going further into debt. It will also stop them from working towards incentives. However only one in four of Britains doctors thinks the governments controversial NHS shake-up will improve patient care, according to the biggest survey of medical opinion since ministers unveiled their radical reforms. Andrew Lansleys belief that the most far-reaching changes to the service in its 62-year history will lead to higher standards is shared by only 23% of doctors There is some good news for Lansley in the poll. Of the GPs, 62% thought there were family doctors in their locality who could lead the new commissioning consortiums. And 40% of all the doctors believed the reforms would encourage closer working between GPs and their hospital colleagues (though 37% disagreed). (http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/oct/24/nhs-white-paper-doctors-survey) Political and ethical issues surrounding the inequalities in providing access to health services, in 1999 labour that were in government set up NICE (National Institute for health and Clinical Excellence). They decide what medicines should be available to the NHS. They work out whether a drug is worth paying for, weighing up its costs against the benefit it is likely to bring. They also consider is drugs or treatments will benefits patients, will help the NHS meet its targets, for example by improving cancer survival rates, Is value for money, or cost effective. The government developed NICE to get rid of the post code lottery where some drugs and treatments were available in some parts of the country, but not in others. Its worth knowing that they fund the majority of drugs they assess. Since they started in 2002, they have funded 7 out of 10 (70%) of the cancer drugs theyve assessed. However a report Exceptional Progress has found there is controversy surrounding NICE. Patients are being denied access to drugs for rarer cancers because the NHS treatment watchdog is acting contrary to the recommendations of a government inquiry, a report claims today. (NICE) is failing to follow the spirit of guidelines designed to improve access to end-of-life cancer treatments. It claims that as many as 16,000 patients have been denied access to drugs because the watchdog had concluded unfairly that they did not meet the criteria for consideration, or they were deemed too expensive without proper negotiation with pharmaceutical companies. It is unacceptable that many thousands of patients are still missing out on the treatment they need, and which their doctors want to give them, because NICE has decided that their treatment does not meet some arbitrary criteria, Mr Wilson said. He added that NICE was failing to assess drugs quickly enough taking 21 months to appraise new canc er drugs, rather than the six months promised by ministers by 2010. (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article7061769.ece) This is against the original ethics that the NHS was set up for; some patients are missing out on drugs which could be of immense benefit to them. An example of this is patient inequality in Essex where a doctor treating three people for exactly the same eye disease, treats each differently because they live in three different areas. One of the three is getting Lucentis the drug tailored to treat their condition, the second receives a drug which was not designed to treat the eye condition; but which does the job at a much smaller price, while the third is left with no drug therapy at all. The programme also spoke to best-selling author Terry Pratchett who has been forced to look elsewhere for Aricept, the Alzheimers medicine denied to him by the NHS. NICE ruled that Aricept should be limited through the NHS to people in the later stages of the disease and Pratchett is still in the early stages of PCA, an early-onset form of Alzheimers which he was diagnosed with in 2007. The author n ow pays for the drug himself which he says has been vital in allowing him to cope with the symptoms of his condition, and says that not making it available earlier to other sufferers who cannot afford to pay is an insult which needs to be re-thought. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/7563701.stm) There are big gaps between regions and areas; in some cases the north is better at treating certain conditions than the south and vice versa. A report by the Daily Mail shows how Statistics showed the average waiting time from seeing a GP to having an operation was 180 days in the Trent region, 182 days in the Northern and Yorkshire regions and 193 days in the North West. But patients must wait for 217 days in the South East, 207 days in London and 206 days in the Eastern region. There was a rise of 1.6 days in delays on average in the South East compared with the same time last year. In the same, period delays fell by 8.7 days in Trent and the North West. (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-70414/North-south-divide-NHS-waiting-times.html) Finding a dentist is becoming more and more difficult. There is a culture of drill and fill, but because dentists receive a flat salary they no longer have any financial incentive to carry out difficult work such as crowns and bridges. An NHS dentist recently resigned due to stupid system that requires him to complete 49 units of dental activity a day to fulfil his NHS contract and get paid. Under the contract, check-ups count as one unit, minor dental work and fillings no matter how many are three, while more complicated procedures can be worth up to 12. Disillusioned, he has decided to give up his practice in Penzance, Cornwall, and take early retirement, leaving his 4,000 patients without an NHS dentist in an area where 20,000 already cannot find one. (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-484066/Dentist-fed-drill-targets-quits-NHS.html) This again goes against the principles both politically and ethically. The NHS was set up to be free and give everyone the same level of treatment and help regardless of wealth. However these few examples show how it is people with money are gaining in healthcare and the NHS is stopping treatments and drugs due to financial funding, meaning that patients are losing out on much needed treatment because the government decided that its not cost effective. This is wrong ethically because you are putting a price on a persons life. Over the years healthcare has become more of a business and we are seeing more privatisation coming in. the post code lottery proves that money is at the heart of decisions on whether a patient is seen to and how they are treated. The NHS works with private sectors and third sectors to deliver better outcomes and services for patients who come first. They play an extremely important role in helping the NHS in providing much needed services. Private sectors not only help in hospital but also with services in the local community. One of there aims is to cut hospital admissions, an example of this is A private sector provider in Sheffield has installed electronic monitors in the homes of people suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allowing them to reduce visits to hospital by 50 per cent. Another is A private sector company in Poole has put under one roof a GP surgery, a pharmacy, an optician and services for physiotherapy, back pain and podiatry. (http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/public_sector/article7050344.ece) There is also other instances were GPs have used private sectors not only to provide patients with a better service but to reduce costs. A patient in Bexley Kent needed a scan for his heart condition; this would normally mean he would be sent to his local hospital in Kent. However he picked up from his souse and was sent to a private hospital in London. The bill for this bespoke service is picked up by Peter Aylotts local primary care trust in Bexley. In the past eight months it has sent more than 80 patients to Harley Street for these scans. The alternative was to have an angiogram were 1 in 500 patients suffer a heart attack or a stroke. The scan is also cheaper, says Dr Kostas Manis, a GP in Bexley. The angiogram is  £1,300 in the NHS, and the private clinic scanner is  £900 and were negotiating to bring the figure down to  £600. This shows how the NHS working with private sectors helps not only patients in that they get a quicker appointment but they also get something that is much more beneficial and safer to them. It also allows the patients to see a specialist for longer, rather than the normal 5 10 minutes they get to see the Doctor for up to half an hour. This is truly putting the patient first, it does however, have financial benefits to it, and it reduces costs to the local GPs and makes managing their budgets much easier. Faced with a  £20m deficit in 2007, the primary care trust decided to hand over the bulk of commissioning power to GPs. They now control 70% of the  £150m budget for Bexley. This all looks good, patients get a quicker appointment, its better and more tailored to their needs and it reduces the cost of the local primary care trust, meaning that the community has more money to spend in other areas. There is also consequences however of GPs turning to private sectors. Looking at this same example, the local hospital in Kent Queen Marys hospital in Sidcup, will now lose out on patients going there for this condition, meaning that the hospital has less money coming in and could see them have a long term shortfall in revenue. There are plans by the Government to permit hospitals to compete on price for the first time, raising the prospect of two-for-one deals on surgery and cut-rate consultations for certain specialties. This will come into effect from next April. Prices for operations and other treatments are currently fixed by the Department of Health and hospital trusts are only permitted to compete on quality, offering better outcomes, cleaner wards or sho rter waiting times to win contracts from GPs. The risk is that some hospitals may lower their prices, which will be superficially appealing, but offer a less good operation and GP commissioners may not be able to spot that it is less good.